I torsdags afsagde den Engelske Højesteret “House of Lords” en dom, der fastslog, at beviser, tilståelser etc. som er fremskaffet ved hjælp af tortur begået i udlandet uden at britiske myndigheder var involveret i den påståede tortur er uanvendelige i engelske retssale. Dommen er i disse terrortider interessant, og det er ikke første gang House of Lords markerer sig som frihedsrettighedernes vogter. I 2004 afsagde samme instans således en dom der erklærede tidsubestemte anholdelser af udenlandske terrormistænkte i strid med EMRK.
Men hvad der, i hvert fald for undertegnede, er endnu mere interessant, er Domstolens bevæggrunde og ordvalg.
Lord Bingham udtalte:
It is, I think, clear that from its very earliest days the common
law of England set its face firmly against the use of torture. Its rejection
of this practice was indeed hailed as a distinguishing feature of the
common law, the subject of proud claims by English jurists such as Sir
John Fortescue (De Laudibus Legum Angliae, c. 1460-1470In rejecting the use of torture, whether
applied to potential defendants or potential witnesses, the common law
was moved by the cruelty of the practice as applied to those not
convicted of crime, by the inherent unreliability of confessions or
evidence so procured and by the belief that it degraded all those who
lent themselves to the practice.The principles of the common law, standing alone, in my
opinion compel the exclusion of third party torture evidence as
unreliable, unfair, offensive to ordinary standards of humanity and
decency and incompatible with the principles which should animate a
tribunal seeking to administer justice. But the principles of the common
law do not stand alone. Effect must be given to the European
Convention, which itself takes account of the all but universal consensus
embodied in the Torture Convention. The answer to the central question
posed at the outset of this opinion is to be found not in a governmental
policy, which may change, but in law.
Med andre ord følger forbuddet mod tortur og anvendelsen af beviser anskaffet derved af de principper om individets frihed samt “justice and equity”, der er så karakteristiske for Common Law, ikke fra ratifikation af senere internationale menneskerettighedstraktater (omend disse retskilder også forbyder anvendelsen af beviser fremskaffet ved tortur. Lord Bingham artikulerer en vision af lov (eller måske snarere ret) der emmer af de klassiske tanker om “the rule of law”, principper der ikke kan ofres for nogen som helst pris, selv ikke når offentligheden kræver drastiske anti-terror midler taget i brug.
Dommen får det rørstrømske frem i denne Punditokrat og Lord Hoffmanns nedenstående ord gør det uforståeligt, hvorledes så mange jurister (inklusiv engelske) har kunnet falde for retspositivismen og dermed fravælge common law’s essentielle karakteristika:
On 23 August 1628 George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham and
Lord High Admiral of England, was stabbed to death by John Felton, a
naval officer, in a house in Portsmouth. The 35-year-old Duke had been
the favourite of King James I and was the intimate friend of the new
King Charles I, who asked the judges whether Felton could be put to the
rack to discover his accomplices. All the judges met in Serjeants’ Inn.
Many years later Blackstone recorded their historic decision:“The judges, being consulted, declared unanimously, to
their own honour and the honour of the English law, that
no such proceeding was allowable by the laws of
England”.82. That word honour, the deep note which Blackstone strikes twice
in one sentence, is what underlies the legal technicalities of this appeal.
The use of torture is dishonourable. It corrupts and degrades the state
which uses it and the legal system which accepts it. When judicial
torture was routine all over Europe, its rejection by the common law was a source of national pride and the admiration of enlightened foreign writers such as Voltaire and Beccaria.
Dommen indeholder i øvrigt en fascinerende mini gennemgang af torturens historie i engelsk ret og med de mange henvisninger føler man sig til sider hensat til Hayeks “Law, Legislation and Liberty Vol I-III” med disse bøgers fantastiske notesapparat.
